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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly modified strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they're fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are easily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important role in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge from the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.

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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both employees and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, male and female employees may have different functions look at here now in a termite colony.63.

The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of their colony and have certain other activities to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than workers, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased degrees of harm seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a place. When they perform they excavate a chamber large enough for both, close up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outdoors and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.

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By way of instance, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a primary queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and may create 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees provide assistance.

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